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The ten-to-one comparison rests on a 2023 estimate of about 3 Wh per ChatGPT request. A 2025 analysis puts a typical GPT-4o request near 0.3 Wh, OpenAI's chief executive gives 0.34 Wh, and Google measures 0.24 Wh for a median Gemini text prompt. Those figures are close to the long-quoted number for a search. Estimates depend on model, response length and what is counted.
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GPT-4 scored strongly against physicians on written diagnostic cases, and Google's AMIE matched or exceeded clinicians in simulated consultations. A pooled analysis of 83 studies found no significant difference from non-specialist physicians, though AI performed below experts. The evidence comes from test cases and simulated patients, not routine care of real patients.
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AlphaFold predicts many protein structures accurately, but its predictions still need experimental checking, and for proteins that can adopt two folds it usually predicts only one. The Nobel citation credits structure prediction, and the successor model is still extending to complexes. Predicting a structure is not the same as explaining how proteins fold, move and interact.
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Researchers have extracted memorised training images from diffusion models and shown near-copies appearing in output, especially for images repeated in the training data. The US Copyright Office has reviewed the same evidence. The claim is that reproduction can happen, not that most outputs are copies or that any particular output infringes copyright.
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The US Copyright Office, a federal district court and the DC Circuit have each held that copyright requires a human author, and registration was refused for a work presented as generated autonomously by a machine. A human's selection, arrangement or modification of AI material can still be protected, as in a 2023 decision on a comic with AI-generated images. UK law treats computer-generated works differently.
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Studies of generated bibliographies, legal questions, commercial legal research tools and systematic-review searches all found language models producing references that do not exist. Rates differ widely by model and task, and one comparison found negligible fabrication from retrieval-based tools. Older measured rates should not be assumed for every current system.
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Start with a specific claim, attach the published sources behind it, and explain what each one establishes. Then it is open for others to test.